The eclectic approach and abundant variety of exercise material remain the same as in the earlier editions, but each new edition incorporates new ways and means. In particular:
AZAR
GRAMMAR SERIES
Understanding And Using English
Grammar,
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Contents
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Chapter 1
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OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES
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1-1
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THE SIMPLE TENSES
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1-2
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THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES
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1-3
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THE PERFECT TENSES
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1-4
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THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
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1-5
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SUMMARY CHART OF VERB TENSES
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1-6
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SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS
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Chapter 2
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PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE
AND PROGRESSIVE
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2-1
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SIMPLE PRESENT
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2-2
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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
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2-3
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STATIVE VERBS
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2-4
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AM/IS/ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE
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2-5
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REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
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2-6
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REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF -ED ENDINGS
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2-7
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IRREGULAR VERBS: AN ALPHABETICAL LIST
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2-8
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TROUBLESOME VERBS:
RAISE/RISE, SET/SIT, LAY/LIE
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2-9
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SIMPLE PAST
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2-10
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PAST PROGRESSIVE
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2-11
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USING PROGRESSIVE VERBS WITH
ALWAYS TO COMPLAIN
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2-12
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USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
WITH PROGRESSIVE VERBS
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Chapter 3
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PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
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3-1
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PRESENT PERFECT
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3-2
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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
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3-3
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PAST PERFECT
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3-4
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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
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Chapter 4
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FUTURE TIME
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4-1
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SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL AND BE GOING TO
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4-2
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WILL VS. BE GOING TO
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4-3
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EXPRESSING THE FUTURE IN TIME CLAUSES
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4-4
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USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS
FUTURE TIME
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4-5
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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
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4-6
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FUTURE PERFECT
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4-7
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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
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Chapter 5
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME AND
REVIEW OF VERB TENSES
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5-1
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM
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5-2
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USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS
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Chapter 6
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
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6-1
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FINAL -S/-ES USE, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING
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6-2
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BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
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6-3
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
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6-4
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE
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6-5
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARITIES
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Chapter 7
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NOUNS
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7-1
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REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
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7-2
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POSSESSIVE NOUNS
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7-3
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USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS
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7-4
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COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
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7-5
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NONCOUNT NOUNS
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7-6
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SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
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7-7
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BASIC ARTICLE USAGE
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7-8
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GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
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7-9
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EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
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7-10
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USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE
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7-11
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USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
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7-12
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ALL (OF) AND BOTH (OF)
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7-13
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SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE, EACH, EVERY
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Chapter 8
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PRONOUNS
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8-1
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
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8-2
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
AGREEMENT WITH GENERIC NOUNS
AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
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8-3
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS
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8-4
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
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8-5
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USING YOU, ONE, AND THEY AS IMPERSONAL
PRONOUNS
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8-6
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FORMS OF OTHER
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8-7
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COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH OTHER
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Chapter 9
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MODALS, PART 1
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9-1
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INTRODUCTION
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9-2
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POLITE QUESTIONS WITH I AS THE SUBJECT
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9-3
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POLITE QUESTIONS WITH YOU AS THE SUBJECT
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9-4
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POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND
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9-5
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EXPRESSING NECESSITY:
MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO
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9-6
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LACK OF NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION:
HAVE TO AND MUST IN THE NEGATIVE
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9-7
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ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
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9-8
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THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD
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9-9
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EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO
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9-10
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MAKING SUGGESTIONS:
LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL I/WE
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9-11
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MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULD VS. SHOULD
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Chapter 10
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MODALS, PART 2
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10-1
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DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME
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10-2
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DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME NEGATIVE
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10-3
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DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PAST TIME
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10-4
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DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME
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10-5
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PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
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10-6
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ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
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10-7
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USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED
ACTION IN THE PAST
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10-8
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EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: WOULD RATHER
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10-9
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COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS
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10-10
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SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
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Chapter 11
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THE PASSIVE
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11-1
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FORMING THE PASSIVE
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11-2
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USING THE PASSIVE
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11-3
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INDIRECT OBJECTS USED AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS
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11-4
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THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS
AND PHRASAL MODALS
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11-5
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STATIVE PASSIVE
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11-6
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COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS
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11-7
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THE PASSIVE WITH GET
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11-8
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PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
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Chapter 12
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NOUN CLAUSES
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12-1
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INTRODUCTION
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12-2
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NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD
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12-3
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NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IF
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12-4
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QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
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12-5
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NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT
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12-6
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QUOTED SPEECH
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12-7
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REPORTED SPEECH: VERB FORMS IN NOUN CLAUSES
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12-8
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USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
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12-9
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USING -EVER WORDS
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Chapter 13
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-1
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INTRODUCTION
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13-2
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT
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13-3
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB
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13-4
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
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13-5
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USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-6
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USING WHOSE
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13-7
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USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-8
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USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-9
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USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS
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13-10
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PUNCTUATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-11
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USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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13-12
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USING NOUN + OF WHICH
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13-13
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USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
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13-14
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REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES: INTRODUCTION
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13-15
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CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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Chapter 14
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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1
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14-1
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GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION
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14-2
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USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
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14-3
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COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
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14-4
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COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
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14-5
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GO + GERUND
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14-6
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SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY -ING
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14-7
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COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
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14-8
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COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS
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14-9
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REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
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14-10
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REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
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14-11
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IT + INFINITIVE; GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS
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Chapter 15
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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2
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15-1
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INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO
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15-2
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ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
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15-3
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USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
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15-4
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PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
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15-5
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USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWING NEED
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15-6
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USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND
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15-7
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USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION
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15-8
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USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP
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15-9
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USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HAVE, GET
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Chapter 16
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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16-1
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PARALLEL STRUCTURE
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16-2
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USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH . . . AND; NOT ONLY... BUT
ALSO; EITHER . . . OR; NEITHER . . . NOR
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16-3
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COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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Chapter 17
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ADVERB CLAUSES
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17-1
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INTRODUCTION
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17-2
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USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT
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17-3
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EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT): USING EVEN THOUGH
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17-4
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SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS
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17-5
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EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES: IF-CLAUSES
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17-6
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING WHETHER OR NOT AND
EVEN IF
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17-7
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING IN CASE AND IN
THE EVENT THAT
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17-8
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS
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17-9
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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF
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Chapter 18
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REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING
ADVERBIAL PHRASES
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18-1
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INTRODUCTION
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18-2
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CHANGING TIME CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
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18-3
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EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF "DURING THE SAME TIME" IN MODIFYING
ADVERBIAL PHRASES
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18-4
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EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
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18-5
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USING UPON + -ING IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL
PHRASES
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Chapter 19
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CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT,
CONTRAST, AND CONDITION
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19-1
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USING BECAUSE OF AND DUE TO
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19-2
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USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND
CONSEQUENTLY
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19-3
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SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION
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19-4
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OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH . . . THAT
AND SO . . . THAT
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19-5
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EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT
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19-6
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SHOWING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT)
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19-7
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SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST
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19-8
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EXPRESSING CONDITIONS: USING OTHERWISE AND OR
(ELSE)
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19-9
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SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVES: CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, CONDITION
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Chapter 20
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES
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20-1
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OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORMS USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
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20-2
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TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
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20-3
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UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
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20-4
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UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST
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20-5
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USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
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20-6
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USING "MIXED TIME" IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
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20-7
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OMITTING IF
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20-8
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IMPLIED CONDITIONS
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20-9
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USING AS IF/AS THOUGH
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20-10
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VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
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20-11
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USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
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APPENDIX
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SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS
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Unit A:
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BASIC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY
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A-1
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SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
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A-2
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PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
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A-3
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ADJECTIVES
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A-4
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ADVERBS
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A-5
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THE VERB BE
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A-6
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LINKING VERBS
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Unit B:
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QUESTIONS
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B-1
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FORMS OF YES/NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
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B-2
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QUESTION WORDS
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B-3
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SHORTENED YES/NO QUESTIONS
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B-4
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NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
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B-5
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TAG QUESTIONS
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Unit C:
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CONTRACTIONS
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Unit D:
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NEGATIVES
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D-1
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USING NOT AND OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS
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D-2
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AVOIDING DOUBLE NEGATIVES
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D-3
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BEGINNING A SENTENCE WITH A NEGATIVE WORD
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Unit E:
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PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
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E
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PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH
ADJECTIVES AND VERBS
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Unit F:
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CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES AND TO CONTINUE
AN IDEA
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F-1
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CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES
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F-2
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CONNECTIVES TO CONTINUE THE SAME IDEA
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Unit G:
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VERB FORM REVIEW EXERCISES
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INDEX
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